Friday, May 11, 2012

Fruitadens: The Little Ornithischian that Could

Another swell piece of research published recently in PLoS One - the official favoritest journal of Love in the Time of Chasmosaurs - is a detailed description of the anatomy and phylogeny of Fruitadens haagororum, the little heterodontosaurid from the Morrison Formation of Colorado, a formation dating to 150 million years ago. It debuted with a brief paper during the infancy of this blog in 2009, but now it's been properly studied, so what's the scoop?

Lead author Richard Butler describes this paper as "the result of a nearly 30 year long project," building on a substantial body of work by coauthor Peter Galton. Heterodontosaurids were bipedal ornithischians, notable for their varied dentition. Many have pronounced fangs, or caniniforms, in addition to leaf-shaped teeth which would have been good for munching vegetation. And one of them, Tianyulong, was preserved well enough to reveal that it bore long, hollow quill-like filaments along its back.


Fruitadens restored by Nobu Tamura, featuring quills like those of Tianyulong.

Understanding the evolutionary trends of these primitive ornithischians is important for what it can reveal about the common ancestor of all dinosaurs. Unfortunately, there are few windows into heterodontosaurid evolution, with the most productive strata dating to the early Jurassic of South Africa, when Heterodontosaurus, Abrictosaurus, and Lycorhinus lived. The Middle Jurassic of Europe has offered a plethora of teeth which hint at substantial populations of heterodontosaurids, but so far has not coughed up any significant remains to help fill in the details of the heterodontosaurid story. But what we have is enough to build a rough sketch of how the clade evolved over the 55 million year stretch that it existed.

Fruitadens was likely an omnivore, eating what plants, insects, and other invertebrates it could find. Like closely related Tianyulong, it was smaller and less specialized for herbivory than the earlier Heterodontosaurus, which was made to process tough plant material. Butler notes that "it appears that Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous heterodontosaurids were smaller than most Early Jurassic members of the clade, and displayed less sophisticated skull and dental morphologies." They were becoming generalists. As the clade spread across Pangaea, which was fragmenting by the Late Jurassic, evolutionary pressures - perhaps competition from the sauropodomorphs - were pushing the heterodontosaurids into a more opportunistic lifestyle. Sort of a dinosaurian version of a raccoon, scratching out a living any way they could.

More:
Andy Farke's take on PLoS Blogs
A note from lead author Richard Butler
Brian Switek at Dinosaur Tracking

2 comments:

  1. I just wanted to note (with my usual vapidity) that I love the post title. That is all.

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  2. I still momentarily picture this as a fruit-eater whenever I see/hear the name.

    I imagine that, given their size, they weren't in direct competition with the sauropodomorphs, altho' their maximum size was perhaps suppressed by the existence of s'pods and other larger dinos such as stegosaurs. I would guess that they might have been in more direct competition with certain mammals.

    Perhaps, at that size, omnivory was the energetically favourable life-style, if the available plants were of low nutritional quality and you didn't possess a large gut to extract the maximum nutrients?

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